Oxford University Press

Abbreviations . . xiii

1. Polyphemus the Linguist . . 1
1. Languages in Homer . . 1
2. The Cyclopes' Society . . 4
3. Language, Diet, and Laws . . 8
4. Communicating with Animals . . 11

2. Language in the Golden Age . . 18
1. The Nature of Language in the Golden Age . . 18
2. Early Languages . . 36
3. Hesiod, Homer, and the Golden Age . . 46
4. Animals in the Golden Age . . 57

3. Psammetichus' Children . . 68
1. The Experiment and its Background . . 68
2. First Words and First Gestures . . 83
3. Later Variations on Psammetichus' Trial . . 92
4. Ancient Reactions to the Experiment . . 107

4. The Invention of Language . . 112
1. Gods as Inventors of Language . . 113
2. Culture Heroes and First Men: Palamedes, Theuth, and Phoroneus . . 122
3. The Great Myth of the Protagoras . . 127
4. Fire and Language . . 147
5. Men Invent Language Together . . 158

5. Between Language and Speech . . 182
1. Introduction: Language, Speech, and Communication . . 182
2. The Languages of Primitive Peoples . . 184
3. Gestures and Mute Voices . . 195
4. Speaking Animals . . 207

Bibliography . . 213
Index Locorum . . 227
General Index . . 243

List of Abbreviations . . x
Note on References and Translations . . xi

Introduction . . 1
1. How Animals Mean . . 28
2. Marie de France: the Courtly Fable . . 53
3. Nigel of Longchamp's Speculum stultorum . . 98
4. The Owl and the Nightingale . . 149
5. Chaucerian Birds . . 192
6. Reynard in England . . 220
7. Henryson: the Epicized Fable . . 262
Conclusion . . 306

Appendix 1: Suggested Identifications of Marie de France . . 309
Appendix 2: Narrative Summary of the Speculum stultorum . . 312
Appendix 3: The Epistle to William . . 314
Appendix 4: Gallus et vulpes . . 318
Bibliography . . 326
Index of Fables cited .. 365
Index . . 369

Preface . . vii
Abbreviations . . ix
Chronology . . xi
Maps . . xvi

Introduction . . 1
1. Conquest and Conqueror . . 12
2. Early Anglo-Latin Religious Prose . . 21
3. Science, Learning, and Instructive Stories . . 38
4. Early Anglo-Latin Historians, Scholars, Encyclopedists, and Entertainers . . 54
5. 'The Matter of Britain': Geoffrey of Monmouth . . 103
6. Early Anglo-Norman Poetry: Benedeit's Voyage of St Brendan . . 129
7. Anglo-Norman Verse Chronicles . . 146
8. English in the Earlier Period . . 169
9. Science, Learning, and Instruction: Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries . . 177
10. 'The Matter of Britain' in English: Layamon's Brut . . 198
11. Anglo-Latin Poetry: Songs and Satire . . 206
12. Saints' Lives and Visions . . 221
13. Anglo-Norman Romances . . 241
14. Romances and Outlaw Tales . . 262
15. Tales of Antiquity . . 276
16. Short Romances and Lais: Marie de France . . 290
17. Fables and Animal Stories: Marie de France and Others . . 313
18. Debate: The Owl and the Nightingale . . 332
19. Burlesque, Parody, Merry Tale . . 342
20. Early Middle English Religious Prose: the 'Katherine Group', the 'Wooing Group', and Ancrene Wisse . . 356
21. Moral and Religious Verse and Prose . . 374
22. English Romances . . 402
23. Lyrics: Anglo-Norman and Middle English . . 420
24. Drama . . 441
25. Later Chroniclers, Scholars, and Theologians . . 489
26. English Narrative in the Earlier Fourteenth Century: Robert Mannyng . .510
27. Earlier Fourteenth-century Alliterative Poems . . 521
28. Earlier Fourteenth-century Mystical Writing: Richard Rolle . . 541
29. Private Devotion: Henry of Lancaster's Le Livre de Seyntz Medicines . . 548
30. Wonders of the East: Mandeville's Travels . . 552

Bibliographical Notes—Further Reading . . 563
Index of headings and main sub-headings . . 583
Index of first lines of poems and verse extracts . . 587
Index of works . . 589
Index of authors . . 591

List of characters . . ix
Chronology . . xi
List of Figures . . xv
List of Abbreviations . . xix
Note to the Reader . . xxi

INTRODUCTION . . 1

1. THE TRIAL OF SPENCER COWPER . . 10
Dead Bodies Float . .  14
Scientific Reputations . . 18
An Anatomy of London Doctors . . 22
Dead Dogs and Public Science . . 25
False Man's Cruelty . . 30
Summing up . . 34
Zara's story . . 37

2. PARTISAN FEUDS . . 45
The Whigs . . 46
The Tories . . 54
Hertford Tories . . 59
Popular Politics and Party Rivalries . . 63

3. QUAKERS . . 70
Persecution . . 71
Spiritual Warfare . . 77
The Lustful Quaker . . 82
The Trial Verdict and its Aftermath . . 89
Consequences . . 95

4. MORAL PANIC AND MARITAL AFFAIRS . . 98
Rethinking Religion . . 100
Rethinking Marriage . . 109
The Quakers, Marriage, and Morality . . 113
Sarah Cowper and the Slavery of Marriage . . 116
Will Bigamy . . 125
Justifying Polygamy . . 132
Manley and the New Atalantis . . 138

5. FANATICS AND FALSE BRETHREN . . 142
Sacheverell and his Sermons . . 144
The Trial . . 148
Hypocrisy . . 160
Sacheverell and Print Fever . . 166
Censorship and Censuring . . 181
Fanaticism . . 186
Sacheverell's Longer-term Legacy . . 190

6. DESPAIR AND DEMONISM . . 193
Melancholic Despair and Suicide . . 197
The Despair of the Deist and Atheist . . 202
Shifting Attitudes . . 206
Animal Spirits . . 207
A Political Witch-hunt . . 213
Jane Wenham . . 220
The Debate over the Impossibility of Witchcraft . . 228
Vindicating Jane Wenham . . 237

CONCLUSION: AN EXCEPTIONAL STORY? . . 241

Glossary . . 247
Endnotes . . 253
Further Reading . . 267
Index . . 273

Conventions of Reference . . xii
Abbreviations . . xiii

1. Apocrypha, Pseudepigrapha, the Adambooks, and the Vita Adae et Evae . . 1
2. Ireland . . 42
3. England, Wales, and Cornwall . . 74
4. The Holy Roman Empire and Beyond . . 137
5. France, Brittany, and Italy . . 208
6. Iconography . . 239
7. Litteras Achiliachas: Conclusion . . 252

Appendix: An Overview of the Vernacular Texts . . 263
Bibliography . . 267
Index . . 287

List of Abbreviations . . xi
Map of Russian Empire, 1912 . . xiv
Introduction. The Storyteller and His Story . . 1

1. Transcaucasia: Boyhood and Family on an Imperial Frontier, 1849—1865 . . 18
'On Ancestors [O predkakh]': Men and Masculinity . . 21
Frontier Women and Imperial Imagination . . 37
Conclusion: A Grandmother's Tale . . 48

2. Imperial Identity: Corning of Age in New Russia, 1865-1881 . . 57
The University and 'Studenthood' . . 61
Odessa and St Petersburg: The Railway Man in an Age of Empire . . 69
Conclusion: A New Russian . . 86

3. Kiev: Dreaming in the Victorian 1880s . . 90
'The Reality That Surrounds Us': Imperial Economy and Polity . . 96
Public and Private Lives . . 113
Imagining Autocracy . . 127
Conclusion: A Tale of the Counter-reforms . . 134

4. A City of Dreams: St Petersburg, the Empire of the Tsars, and Imperial Horizons in the Gilded Age (1889—1903) . . 138
Gospodin Minister: Witte as Imperial Official . . 144
The Witte System and the Empire of Gold . . 153
Fathers and Sons on the Road to War . . 170

5. From Exile: Memories of Re volutionary Russia, 1903—1912 . . 189
From Summer 1903 to October 1905: War, America, and Revolution . . 195
The Nightmare of 1905 . . 215
Conclusion: 'My Six-Month Ministry' . . 231

Conclusion: From the Alexander Nevsky Lavra, 1915 . . 241

Notes . . 254
Bibliography . . 291
Index . . 309

Preface . . v
Introduction . . ix
Using This Dictionary . . xiii
Pronunciation Key . . xv

1001 LEGAL WORDS YOU NEED TO KNOW . . 1
Choosing a Lawyer . . 18
How to Understand a Contract . . 58
The Common Law and the Civil Law . . 77
Making a Living Will . . 87
What is a Power of Attorney? . . 108
Thinking About Law School . . 127
What is Legal Ethics? . . 138
What to Do if You're Being Sued . . 173
Understanding Wills, Trusts, and Intestate Succession . . 197
Watching Lawyer Shows . . 205

Legal Aid Organizations . . 215
Further Reading . . 235

Acknowledgements . . ix
Introduction . . xi
Note on the Text . . xl
Select Bibliography . . xlv
A Chronology of Robert Baden-Powell . . l

SCOUTING FOR BOYS . . 1

Appendix: Continence . . 351
Explanatory Notes . . 353
Index . . 381

Preface . . ix
1. Introduction: The ABCs of OK . . 1
2. A Saturday Morning in Boston . . 28
3. 1840: Old Kinderhook Is OK . . 40
4. Hoax: Andrew Jackson's Misspelling . . 56
5. Aesthetics: The Look and Sound of OK . . 76
6. False Origins . . 80
7. The Business of OK . . 96
8. O.K. Clubs . . 117
9. The Literary OK .  123
10. Oklahoma Is OK . . 143
11. Okey-Dokey . . 147
12. Modern OK Literature . . 157
13. The Practical OK . . 166
14. The World—and England . . 171
15. The Lifemanship OK . . 182
16. The Psychological OK . . 185
17. The American Philosophy . . 196
Index . . 199

Contributors . . xix

Section One: Theoretical and Conceptual Foundations

Part I: Ethics Theory and Decision Making
Introduction . . 3
1. An Explanation and a Method for the Ethics of Journalism . . 9
2. Moral Development and Journalism . . 25

Part II: History and Justification
Introduction . . 35
3. Press Freedom and Responsibility . . 39
4. The Moral Justification for Journalism . . 53
5. The Search for Global Media Ethics . . 69

Part III: What Is Journalism? Who Is a Journalist?
Introduction . . 85
6. Why Journalism Is a Profession . . 91
7. Who Is a Journalist? . . 103
8. Norms and the Network: Journalistic Ethics in a Shared Media Space . . 117

Part IV: Objectivity
Introduction . . 131
9. Inventing Objectivity: New Philosophical Foundations . . 137
10. Is Objective News Possible? . . 153

Section Two: The Practice of Journalism

Part V: The Business of Journalism
Introduction . . 167
11. Journalism's Tangled Web: Business, Ethics, and Professional Practice . . 171
12. The Decline of the News Business . . 185
13. Covering a World That's Falling Apart, When Yours Is Too . . 193

Part VI: Privacy
Introduction . . 197
14. The Ethics of Privacy . . 203
15. Understanding and Respecting Privacy . . 215

Part VII: Approaching the News: Reporters and Consumers
Introduction . . 231
16. Conflicting Loyalties and Personal Choices . . 237
17. A Robust Future for Conflict of Interest . . 249
18. Respecting Sources' Confidentiality: Critical but Not Absolute . . 271
19. The Ethical Obligations of News Consumers . . 283

Part VIII: Getting the Story
Introduction . . 297
20. The Ethos of "Getting the Story" . . 301
21. Mitigation Watchdogs: The Ethical Foundation for a Journalist's Role . . 311

Part IX: Image Ethics
Introduction . . 325
22. Visual Ethics: An Integrative Approach to Ethical Practice in Visual Journalism . . 331
23. Ethics and Images: Five Major Concerns . . 351

Index . . 359