Oxford University Press

List of figures . . x
Conventions . . xv
Chronological table . . xvi
Map . . xvii

PROLOGUE
1 Visual, written, decorum . . 3

WRITTEN CULTURE
2 Literacy and ancient Egyptian society . . 33
3 Four notes on literacy . . 63
4 Literacy, social organization, and the archaeological record: the case of early Egypt . . 95
5 Writing and society in early Egypt . . 117
6 Orality and literacy. Appendix: Updates to Chapters 2-5; comparative studies . . 170
7 Ancient Egyptian concepts and uses of the past: third to second millennium evidence . . 179

VISUAL CULTURE
8 Introductory note . . 205
9 Theories and universals of representation: Heinrich Schafer and Egyptian art . . 207
10 Schafer's mottoes and the understanding of representation . . 236
11 Colour terminology and colour classification: ancient Egyptian colour terminology and polychromy . . 240
12 Stone and other materials: usages and values . . 263
13 Communication and display: the integration of early Egyptian art and writing . . 281
14 On the status and purposes of ancient Egyptian art . . 298

References . . 338
Index . . 407

Preface: Technologies of the Word . . ix

1. Writing It Down . . 3
2. TeknoFear . . 19
3. Thoreau's Pencil . . 33
4. National Handwriting Day . . 49
5. Writing on Clay . . 71
6. When WordStar Was King . . 91
7. Trusting the Text . . 113
8. Writing on Screen . . 135
9. Everyone's an Author . . 157
10. A Space of One's Own . . 183
11. The Dark Side of the Web . . 207
12. From Pencils to Pixels . . 227

Works Cited . . 247
Index . . 255

PREFACE . . v
INTRODUCTORY NOTE . . vii
INTRODUCTION . . xi
Chaucer's Life . . xi
The Canon and Chronology of Chaucer's Works . . ccii
Language and Versification . . xxv
The Texts . . xli

THE CANTERBURY TALES . . 3
THE BOOK OF THE DUCHESS . . 329
THE HOUSE OF FAME . . 347
ANELIDA AND ARCITE . . 375
THE PARLIAMENT OF FOWLS . . 383
BOECE . . 395
TROILUS AND CRISEYDE . . 471
THE LEGEND OF GOOD WOMEN . . 587
THE SHORT POEMS . . 631
POEMS NOT ASCRIBED TO CHAUCER IN THE MANUSCRIPTS . . 657
A TREATISE ON THE ASTROLABE . . 661
7 THE ROMAUNT OF THE ROSE . . 685
APPENDIX . . 769

General Bibliography . . 771
Abbreviations . . 779
Explanatory Notes . . 795
Textual Notes . . 1117
Glossary . . 1211
Index of Proper Names . . 1311

Preface . . viii
Illustrations . . xii
A Dictionary of English Manuscript Terminology 1450-2000 . . 1
Select Bibliography . . 452

Biographical Preface . . vii
Introduction . . xi
Note on the Text . . xxvi
Select Bibliography . . xxviii
A Chronology of Virginia Woolf . . xxxiii

SELECTED ESSAYS
The Decay of Essay-Writing . . 3
Modern Fiction . . 6
The Modern Essay . . 13
How it Strikes a Contemporary . . 23
Mr Bennett and Mrs Brown . . 32
Character in Fiction . . 37
'Impassioned Prose' . . 55
How Should One Read a Book? . . 63
Poetry, Fiction and the Future . . 74
Craftsmanship . . 85

LIFE-WRITING
The New Biography . . 95
On Being Ill . . 101
Leslie Stephen . . 111
The Art of Biography . . 116

WOMEN AND FICTION
The Feminine Note in Fiction . . 127
Women Novelists . . 129
Women and Fiction . . 132
Professions for Women . . 140
Memories of a Working Women's Guild . . 146
Why? . . 160

LOOKING ON
Thunder at Wembley . . 169
The Cinema . . 172
Street Haunting: A London Adventure . . 177
The Sun and the Fish . . 188
The Docks of London . . 193
Oxford Street Tide . . 199
Evening over Sussex: Reflections in a Motor Car . . 204
Flying over London . . 207
Why Art Today Follows Politics . . 213
Thoughts on Peace in an Air Raid . . 216

Explanatory Notes . . 221

1. In Defence of Scientism . . 1
2. Scientific Realism, Constructive Empiricism, and Structuralism . . 66
3. Ontic Structural Realism and the Philosophy of Physics . . 130
4. Rainforest Realism and the Unity of Science . . 190
5. Causation in a Structural World . . 258
6. Conclusion—Philosophy Enough . . 298

References . . 311
Index . . 339

Introduction . . vii
Note on the Text . . xxv
Select Bibliography . . xxvi
A Chronology ofH. W. Fowler . . xxviii

A DICTIONARY OF MODERN ENGLISH USAGE

Appendix: Fowler's Pronunciation Preferences . . 743
Notes on the Entries . . 745

Preface and Acknowledgments . . ix
Contributors . . xiii  

Chapter 1. Introduction: The WIPO Development Agenda and Its Development Policy Context . . 1

I. THE DEVELOPMENT AGENDA AND THE INTERNATIONAL IP TREATY REGIME
Chapter 2. The Development Agenda at WIPO: Context and Origins . . 33
Chapter 3. TRIPS 3.0: Policy Calibration and Innovation Displacement . . 51

II. THE DEVELOPMENT AGENDA IN HISTORICAL AND INSTITUTIONAL CONTEXT
Chapter 4. The WIPO Development Agenda in an Historical and Political Context . . 79
Chapter 5. The Politics of Intellectual Property Reform in Developing Countries: The Relevance of the World Intellectual Property Organization . . 111

III. THE DEVELOPMENT AGENDA: CAUTIONARY NOTES FROM TWO DIRECTIONS
Chapter 6. History Lessons for the WIPO Development Agenda . . 137
Chapter 7. The WIPO Development Agenda: A Cautionary Note . . 163

IV. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY AND DEVELOPMENT: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS
Chapter 8. What Direction Is the Wind Blowing? Protection of DRM in China . . 177
Chapter 9. Are National Patent Laws the Blossoming Rains? Evidence from Domestic Innovation, Technology Transfers, and International Trade Post Patent Implementations in the Period 1978-2002 . . 191
Chapter 10. Historical Perspectives on Patent Systems in Economic Development . . 215

V. ACCESS TO MEDICINE
Chapter 11. Expanding Patent Rights in Pharmaceuticals: The Linkage between Patents and Drug Registration . . 247
Chapter 12. Is Product Patent Protection Necessary to Spur Innovation in Developing Countries? R&D by Indian Pharmaceutical Companies After TRIPS . . 265
Chapter 13. IPRs and Technological Development in Pharmaceuticals: Who Is Patenting What in Brazil After TRIPS? . . 293

VI. CULTURAL INDUSTRIES
Chapter 14. The Production of Knowledge, Innovation, and IP in Developing Countries: Creative Industries and the Development Agenda . . 321
Chapter 15. Arab Musiconomics, Culture, Copyright, and the Commons . . 341
Chapter 16. Trading Copyright: Global Pressure on Local Culture . . 363

VII. INDUSTRY STRUCTURE, INNOVATION, AND ACCESS
Chapter 17. Antitrust, Patents, and Developing Nations . . 401
Chapter 18. Innovation, Competition Policies, and Intellectual Property: An Evolutionary Perspective and Its Policy Implications . . 429

VIII. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY AND DEVELOP!NC-COUNTRY CITIZENS' FREEDOM
Chapter 19. Intellectual Property and Development as Freedom . . 453
Chapter 20. Contours of an International Instrument on Limitations and Exceptions . . 473

Index . . 499

Tables of Cases . . xvii
Tables of Legislation . . xxi
Abbreviations . . xxv
Special Features . . xxvii
Introduction . . xxix

1. Covert Investigation in Context . . 1
2. Directed Surveillance . . 29
3. Intrusive Surveillance . . 49
4. Interference with Property or Wireless Telegraphy and Entry onto Land . . 69
5. Covert Investigation and Computers . . 85
6. Examining Mobile Phones . . 99
7. Communications Data . . 107
8. Interception of Communications . . 119
9. Covert Human Intelligence Sources . . 137
10. Covert Investigation Abroad . . 163
11. Risk Management . . 179
12. Managing Covert Investigation . . 195

APPENDICES . . 215
Index . . 369

List of Contributors . . XXV
1 The minimum evolution distance-based approach to phylogenetic inference . . 1
1.1 Introduction . . 1
1.2 Tree metrics . . 3
1.3 Edge and tree length estimation . . 11
1.4 The agglomerative approach . . 17
1.5 Iterative topology searching and tree building . . 20
1.6 Statistical consistency . . 25
1.7 Discussion . . 28
Acknowledgements . . 29
2 Likelihood calculation in molecular phylogenetics . . 33
2.1 Introduction . . 33
2.2 Markov models of sequence evolution . . 35
2.3 Likelihood calculation: the basic algorithm . . 40
2.4 Likelihood calculation: improved models . . 42
2.5 Optimizing parameters . . 46
2.6 Consistency of the likelihood approach . . 49
2.7 Likelihood ratio tests . . 55
2.8 Concluding remarks . . 58
Acknowledgements . . 58
3 Bayesian inference in molecular phylogenetics . . 63
3.1 The likelihood function and maximum likelihood estimates . . 63
3.2 The Bayesian paradigm . . 66
3.3 Prior . . 67
3.4 Markov chain Monte Carlo . . 69
3.5 Simple moves and their proposal ratios . . 74
3.6 Monitoring Markov chains and processing output . . 78
3.7 Applications to molecular phylogenetics . . 81
3.8 Conclusions and perspectives . . 85
Acknowledgements . . 86
4 Statistical approach to tests involving phytogenies . . 91
4.1 The statistical approach to phylogenetic inference . . 91
4.2 Hypotheses testing . . 92
4.3 Different types of tests involving phylogenies . . 106
4.4 Non-parametric multivariate hypothesis testing . . 111
4.5 Conclusions: there are many open problems . . 115
Acknowledgements . . 115
5 Mixture models in phylogenetic inference . . 121
5.1 Introduction: models of gene-sequence evolution . . 121
5.2 Mixture models . . 122
5.3 Defining mixture models . . 123
5.4 Digression: Bayesian phylogenetic inference . . 125
5.5 A mixture model combining rate and pattern-heterogeneity . . 127
5.6 Application of the mixture model to inferring the phylogeny of the mammals . . 129
5.7 Results . . 131
5.8 Discussion . . 138
Acknowledgements . . 139
6 Hadamard conjugation: an analytic tool for phylogenetics . . 143
6.1 Introduction . .143
6.2 Hadamard conjugation for two sequences . .144
6.3 Some symmetric models of nucleotide substitution . . 147
6.4 Hadamard conjugation—Neyman model . . 151
6.5 Applications: using the Neyman model . . 162
6.6 Kimura's 3-substitution types model . . 171
6.7 Other applications and perspectives . . 174
7 Phylogenetic networks . . 178
7.1 Introduction . . 178
7.2 Median networks . . 180
7.3 Visual complexity of median networks . . 184
7.4 Consensus networks . . 186
7.5 Treelikeness . . 188
7.6 Deriving phylogenetic networks from distances . . 191
7.7 Neighbour-net . . 195
7.8 Discussion . . 199
Acknowledgements . . 200
8 Reconstructing the duplication history of tandemly repeated sequences . . 205
8.1 Introduction . . 205
8.2 Repeated sequences and duplication model . . 206
8.3 Mathematical model and properties . . 212
8.4 Inferring duplication trees from sequence data . . 221
8.5 Simulation comparison and prospects . . 229
Acknowledgements . . 231
9 Conserved segment statistics and rearrangement
9.1 Introduction . . 236
9.2 Genetic (recombinational) distance . . 237
9.3 Gene counts . . 238
9.4 The inference problem . . 239
9.5 What can we infer from conserved segments? . . 240
9.6 Rearrangement algorithms . . 243
9.7 Loss of signal . . 244
9.8 From gene order to genomic sequence . . 245
9.9 Between the blocks . . 252
9.10 Conclusions . . 256
Acknowledgements . . 257
10 The inversion distance problem . . 262
10.1 Introduction and biological background . . 262
10.2 Definitions and examples . . 264
10.3 Anatomy of a signed permutation . . 266
10.4 The Hannenhalli-Pevzner duality theorem . . 277
10.5 Algorithms . . 282
10.6 Conclusion . . 287
Glossary . . 287
11 Genome rearrangements with gene families . . 291
11.1 Introduction . . 291
11.2 The formal representation of the genome . . 293
11.3 Genome rearrangement . . 294
11.4 Multigene families . . 298
11.5 Algorithms and models . . 299
11.6 Genome duplication . . 303
11.7 Duplication of chromosomal segments . . 309
11.8 Conclusion . . 313
12 Reconstructing phylogenies from gene-content and gene-order data . . 321
12.1 Introduction: phylogenies and phylogenetic data . . 321
12.2 Computing with gene-order data . . 330
12.3 Reconstruction from gene-order data . . 337
12.4 Experimentation in phylogeny . . 342
12.5 Conclusion and open problems . . 345
Acknowledgements . . 346
13 Distance-based genome rearrangement phylogeny . . 353
13.1 Introduction . . 353
13.2 Whole genomes and events that change gene orders . . 354
13.3 Distance-based phytogeny reconstruction . . 356
13.4 Empirically Derived Estimator . . 359
13.5 IEBP: "Inverting the expected breakpoint distance" . . 363
13.6 Simulation studies . . 372
13.7 Summary . . 378
Acknowledgements . . 380
14 How much can evolved characters tell us about the tree that generated them? . . 384
14.1 Introduction . . 384
14.2 Preliminaries . . 386
14.3 Information-theoretic bounds: ancestral states and deep divergences . . 388
14.4 Phase transitions in ancestral state and tree reconstruction . . 396
14.5 Processes on an unbounded state space: the random cluster model . . 401
14.6 Large but finite state spaces . . 405
14.7 Concluding comments . . 408
Acknowledgements . . 409
Index . . 413