Oxford University Press

Contributors . . xix

Section One: Theoretical and Conceptual Foundations

Part I: Ethics Theory and Decision Making
Introduction . . 3
1. An Explanation and a Method for the Ethics of Journalism . . 9
2. Moral Development and Journalism . . 25

Part II: History and Justification
Introduction . . 35
3. Press Freedom and Responsibility . . 39
4. The Moral Justification for Journalism . . 53
5. The Search for Global Media Ethics . . 69

Part III: What Is Journalism? Who Is a Journalist?
Introduction . . 85
6. Why Journalism Is a Profession . . 91
7. Who Is a Journalist? . . 103
8. Norms and the Network: Journalistic Ethics in a Shared Media Space . . 117

Part IV: Objectivity
Introduction . . 131
9. Inventing Objectivity: New Philosophical Foundations . . 137
10. Is Objective News Possible? . . 153

Section Two: The Practice of Journalism

Part V: The Business of Journalism
Introduction . . 167
11. Journalism's Tangled Web: Business, Ethics, and Professional Practice . . 171
12. The Decline of the News Business . . 185
13. Covering a World That's Falling Apart, When Yours Is Too . . 193

Part VI: Privacy
Introduction . . 197
14. The Ethics of Privacy . . 203
15. Understanding and Respecting Privacy . . 215

Part VII: Approaching the News: Reporters and Consumers
Introduction . . 231
16. Conflicting Loyalties and Personal Choices . . 237
17. A Robust Future for Conflict of Interest . . 249
18. Respecting Sources' Confidentiality: Critical but Not Absolute . . 271
19. The Ethical Obligations of News Consumers . . 283

Part VIII: Getting the Story
Introduction . . 297
20. The Ethos of "Getting the Story" . . 301
21. Mitigation Watchdogs: The Ethical Foundation for a Journalist's Role . . 311

Part IX: Image Ethics
Introduction . . 325
22. Visual Ethics: An Integrative Approach to Ethical Practice in Visual Journalism . . 331
23. Ethics and Images: Five Major Concerns . . 351

Index . . 359

List of Illustrations . . ix
List of Contributors . . xi

1. Introduction: Paradox and the Marvellous in Augustan Literature and Culture . . 1
2. Horace's Ars Poetica and the Marvellous . . 19
3. Where the Wild Things Are: Locating the Marvellous in Augustan Wall Painting . . 41
4. Against Nature? Some Augustan Responses to Man-made Marvels  . . 75
5. Virgil: A Paradoxical Poet? . . 95
6. The Question of the Marvellous in the Georgics of Virgil . . 113
7. In Search of the Lost Hercules: Strategies of the Fantastic in the Aeneid . . 126
8. Thaumatographia, or 'What is a Theme?' . . 145
9. Phaethon and the Monsters . . 163
10. Prodigiosa mendada uatum: Responses to the Marvellous in Ovid's Narrative of Perseus (Metamorphoses 4-5) . . 189
11. Encountering the Fantastic: Expectations, Forms of Communication, Reactions . . 213
12. Constructing a Narrative of mira deum: The Story of Philemon and Baucis (Ovid, Metamorphoses 8) . . 231
13. Ovid, Metamorphoses 1.416-51: noua monstra and the foedera naturae . . 248
14. Latrator Anubis: Alien Divinities in Augustan Rome, and how to Tame Monsters through Aetiology . . 268
15. Ordering Wonderland: Ovid's Pythagoras and the Augustan Vision . . 288
16. Delusions of Grandeur: Lucretian 'Passages' in Livy . . 310
17. The Strange Art of the Sententious Declaimer . . 330

References . . 350
Indexes . . 381

1 Uses of foams . . 1
1 The foams around us . . 1
1.1 Foams in mythology . . 1
1.2 On your plate and in your glass . . 1
1.3 Detergents and cosmetics . . 3
1.4 Spontaneous or undesirable foams . . 4
2 Foam identification . . 4
2.1 Physico-chemical constituents . . 4
2.2 Geometrical and physical properties . . 5
2.3 Mechanical properties . . 6
3 What are foams used for? . . 6
3.1 Desirable functions . . 6
3.2 Mineral flotation . . 8
4 Solid foams and other cellular systems . . 9
4.1 Solid foams . . 9
4.2 Other cellular structures . . 11
5 Experiments . . 13
5.1 Three ways to make a foam . . 13
5.2 Chocolate mousse . . 14
References . . 15

2 Foams at equilibrium . . 17
1 Description at all length-scales . . 17
1.1 At the scale of a gas/liquid interface . . 17
1.2 At the scale of a film . . 19
1.3 At the scale of a bubble . . 21
1.4 At the scale of a foam . . 22
2 Local equilibrium laws . . 23
2.1 Equilibrium of fluid interfaces . . 23
2.2 Plateau's laws . . 26
3 Dry foams . . 30
3.1 Number of neighbours: topology . . 31
3.2 Bubble geometry . . 35
3.3 Topology and geometry  . 38
4 Wet foams . . 45
4.1 Modification of the structure . . 46
4.2 Osmotic pressure . . 51
4.3 Role of gravity . . 54
5 2D and quasi-2D foams . . 55
5.1 3D structure of a monolayer of bubbles between two plates . . 57
5.2 A model for a dry 2D foam . . 58
5.3 Two-dimensional liquid fraction . . 60
5.4 2D foam flows . . 61
6 Experiments  . 63
6.1 Surface tension and surfactants . . 63
6.2 Creation and observation of 2D and quasi-2D foams . . 65
6.3 Giant soap films . . 66
6.4 Kelvin cell . . 68
7 Exercises . . 69
7.1 Interfacial area of a foam . . 69
7.2 Film tension and the Young-Laplace law . . 69
7.3 Plateau's laws in 2D . . 70
7.4 Euler's formula . . 71
7.5 Perimeter of a regular 2D bubble . . 71
7.6 Energy and pressure . . 72
References . . 72

3 Birth, life, and death . . 75
1 Foam evolution . . 75
1.1 The competition between different processes . . 75
1.2 Elementary topological processes . . 78
2 Birth of a foam . . 82
2.1 Foamability: introduction to the role of surfactants . . 82
2.2 Interfacial properties and foamability . . 82
2.3 Properties of liquid films and foamability . . 92
2.4 Summary of the microscopic origins of foamability . . 98
3 Coarsening . . 99
3.1 Growth rate of a bubble in a dry foam . . 99
3.2 Evolution of bubble distributions in a dry foam . . 104
3.3 Effects of different parameters . . 109
4 Drainage . . 113
4.1 What is drainage? . . 114
4.2 Free drainage . . 114
4.3 Forced drainage . . 115
4.4 Modelling flows in solid porous media . . 116
4.5 Modelling the permeability of a liquid foam . . 119
4.6 Drainage equations . . 127
4.7 Comparison of theoretical predictions with experiments . . 128
4.8 Summary and remarks . . 133
5 Rupture and coalescence . . 134
5.1 Rupture at the scale of a single film . . 134
5.2 Rupture at the scale of a foam . . 140
5.3 Defoamers and antifoams . . 140
6 Appendices . . 145
6.1 Stabilizing agents . . 145
6.2 Dissipation due to surfactant motion during the steady expansion of a film . . 151
7 Experiments . . 154
7.1 Flow in a soap film . . 154
7.2 Free drainage in a foam and the vertical motion of bubbles . . 156
7.3 Forced drainage in a foam: observation of the wetting front . . 157
7.4 Life and death of a foam measured by electrical conductivity . . 158
8 Exercises . . 161
8.1 Exponent in the scale-invariant regime . . 161
8.2 Frumkin equation of state . . 161
8.3 Foam drainage and equilibrium height . . 161
8.4 Drainage in the bulk and at the wall . . 162
8.5 Free drainage: characteristic times and liquid fraction profiles . . 162
8.6 The true 3D pressure and 2D surface pressure . . 162
References . . 162

4 Rheology . . 167
1 Introduction . . 167
2 Overview of the rheological behaviour of complex fluids . . 168
2.1 Constitutive laws . . 168
2.2 Shear tests . . 172
2.3 Small and large strains . . 173
2.4 Stress tensor in a complex fluid . . 174
3 Local origin of rheological properties . . 178
3.1 Elastic shear modulus of a dry monodisperse foam . . 178
3.2 The elastic limit of a dry foam . . 183
3.3 Dissipative processes . . 187
4 The multiscale character of foam rheology . . 193
4.1 Solid behaviour . . 194
4.2 Transition from solid to liquid behaviour . . 208
4.3 Foam flow . . 211
5 Appendix: Prom the discrete to the continuous . . 215
6 Experiments . . 217
6.1 Observation of T1s . . 217
6.2 Visualization of the yield stress . . 217
7 Exercises . . 218
7.1 The Young-Laplace law and the stress in a spherical bubble . . 218
7.2 Elasticity of a dry 2D foam . . 219
7.3 Poynting's law . . 219
7.4 Stress and strain in a square lattice . . 220
7.5 Elasticity and plasticity . . 220
7.6 Compressibility of a foam . . 221
References . . 221

5 Experimental and numerical methods . . 225
1 Experimental methods . . 225
1.1 Methods used to study interfaces and isolated films . . 225
1.2 Methods for studying foams . . 230
2 Numerical simulations . . 242
2.1 Predicting static structure . . 242
2.2 Predicting dynamics . . 244
3 Methods of image analysis . . 248
3.1 Image treatment . . 248
3.2 Image analysis . . 250
3.3 Image analysis, liquid fraction, and stress in 2D . . 254
Exercises . . 255
4.1 Measurement of the average liquid fraction of a foam . . 255
4.2 Pressure in the Potts model . . 255
References . . 256

Notation . . 259
Index . . 263

Chapter 1: Introduction . . 1
What is a microbe? . . 1
Why study microbial ecology? . . 1
How do we study microbes in nature? . . 10
The three kingdoms of life: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya . . 12
Functional groups of microbes . . 15
Sources of background information . . 16

Chapter 2: Elements, biochemical;, and structures of microbes . . 19
Elemental composition of microbes . . 19
Elemental ratios in biogeochemical studies . . 21
C.N and C:P ratios for various microbes . . 22
Biochemical composition of bacteria . . 23
Explaining elemental ratios . . 25
Architecture of a microbial cell . . 26
Components of microbial cells as biomarkers . . 29
Extracellular structures . . 31

Chapter 3: Physical-chemical environment of microbes . . 35
Water . . 35
Temperature . . 36
pH . . 39
Salt and osmotic balance . . 40
Oxygen and redox potential . . 41
Light . . 42
Pressure . . 43
The consequences of being small . . 44
Microbial life in natural aquatic habitats . . 46
Microbial life in soils . . 49
The biofilm environment . . 51

Chapter 4: Microbial primary production and phototrophy . . 55
Basics of primary production and photosynthesis . . 55
Primary production, gross production, and net production . . 61
Primary production by terrestrial higher plants and aquatic microbes . . 63
The spring bloom and controls of phytoplankton growth . . 64
Major groups of bloom-forming phytoplankton . . 66
After the bloom: picoplankton and nanoplankton . .71
Primary production by coccoid cyanobacteria . . 73
Photoheterotrophy in the oceans . . 74

Chapter 5: Degradation of organic material . . 79
Mineralization of organic material in various ecosystems . . 80
Who does most of the respiration on the planet? . . 81
Chemical characterization of detrital organic material . . 84
Detrital food webs . . 86
DOM and the microbial loop . . 88
Hydrolysis of high molecular weight organic compounds . . 91
Uptake of low molecular weight organic compounds: turnover versus reservoir size . . 93
Chemical composition and organic material degradation . . 94
Release of inorganic nutrients and its control . . 96
Photo-oxidation of organic material . . 96
Refractory organic matter . . 97

Chapter 6: Microbial growth, biomass production, and controls . . 99
Are bacteria alive or dead? . . 99
Microbial growth and biomass production . . 102
Measuring growth and biomass production in nature . . 104
Bacterial biomass production in aquatic environments . . 105
Growth rates of bacteria and fungi in soils . . 108
What sets biomass production and growth by microbes in nature? . . 109
Competition and chemical communication between organisms . . 115

Chapter 7: Predation and protists . . 117
Bacterivory and herbivory in aquatic habitats . . 118
Grazers of bacteria and fungi in soils and sediments . . 120
Grazing mechanism for protists . . 121
Factors affecting grazing . . 122
Defenses against grazing . . 128
Effect of grazing on prey growth . . 129
Grazing by ciliates and dinoflagellates . . 129
Fluxes from microbial food webs to higher trophic levels . . 132
Mixotrophic protists and endosymbiosis . . 133

Chapter 8: Ecology of viruses . . 137
What are viruses? . . 137
Viral replication . . 138
Temperate viruses in nature . . 139
Contact between host and virus at the molecular scale . . 140
The number of viruses in natural environments . . 141
Mortality of bacteria due to viruses . . 146
Contribution of viruses versus grazers to bacterial mortality . . 147
Viral production and turnover . . 148
Viral decay and loss . . 148
Viruses of phytoplankton . . 149
Viruses are not grazers . . 150
Genetic exchange mediated by viruses . . 152

Chapter 9: Community structure of microbes in natural environments . . 157
Taxonomy and phylogeny via genes . . 157
The species problem . . 159
Diversity of bacterial communities . . 160
The paradox of the plankton . . 162
Differences between cultivated and uncultivated microbes . . 163
Types of bacteria in soils, freshwaters, and the oceans . . 164
Archaea in non-extreme environment . . 166
Everything, everywhere? . . 167
What controls diversity levels and bacterial community structure? . . 168
Problems with 165 rRNA as a taxonomic and phyiogenetic tool . . 171
Community structure of protists and other eukaryotic microbes . . 173
Relevance of community structure to understanding processes . . 175

Chapter 10: Genomes and metagenomes of microbes and viruses . . 177
What are genomics and environmental genomics? . . 177
Turning genomic sequences into genomic information . . 178
Lessons from cultivated microbes . . 179
Genomes from uncultivated microbes: metagenomics . . 185
Metagenomics of a simple community in acid mine drainage . . 188
Useful compounds from metagenomics and activity screening . . 188
Metatranscriptomics and metaproteomics . . 189
Metagenomics of viruses .. 191

Chapter 11: Processes in anoxic environments . . 195
Introduction to anaerobic respiration . . 195
The order of electron acceptors . . 197
Oxidation of organic carbon by various electron acceptors . . 199
The anaerobic food chain . . 201
Sulfate reduction . . 204
Sulfur oxidation and the rest of the sulfur cycle . . 207
Methane and methanogenesis . . 210
Methanotrophy . . 212
Anaerobic eukaryotes . . 214

Chapter 12: The nitrogen cycle . . 217
Nitrogen fixation . . 218
Ammonium assimilation, regeneration, and fluxes . . 221
Ammonia oxidation, nitrate production, and nitrification . . 224
Nitrite oxidation and the second step in nitrification . . 229
Anaerobic ammonia oxidation . . 229
Dissimilatory nitrate reduction and denitrification . . 230
Denitrification versus anaerobic ammonium oxidation . . 232'
Sources and sinks of nitrous oxide . . 233
Balancing N loss and N2 fixation . . 234

Chapter 13: Introduction to geomicrobiology . . 237
Cell surface charge, metal sorption, and microbial attachment . . 237
Attachment of microbes to surfaces . . 241
Biomineralization by microbes . . 241
Manganese and iron-oxidizing bacteria . . 248
Weathering and mineral dissolution by microbes . . 251
Geomicrobiology of fossil fuels . . 253

Chapter 14: Symbiosis and microbes . . 257
Microbial residents of vertebrates . . 259
Microbial symbioses with insects . . 261
Symbiotic microbes in marine invertebrates . . 265
Microbe-plant symbioses . . 271
Concluding remarks . . 275

References . . 277
Index . . 303

List of Abbreviations . . xi

1. Gregory, the Tabernacle, and Heavenly Ascent . . 1
2. Gregory of Nyssa and Life of Moses . . 22
3. Biblical Contexts . . 29
4. Alexandrian Contexts . . 35
5. Heavenly Ascent Contexts . . 47
6. Darkness . . 63
7. The Tabernacle Not Made with Hands . . 82
8. Christological Interpretation . . 97
9. Divine Names . . 116
10. Heavenly Powers . . 134
11. The Earthly Tabernacle . . 154
12. Heavenly and Earthly Worship . . 171
13. The Holy of Holies . . 188
14. The Priestly Vestments . . 203
15. The Value of Heuristic Comparison . . 225
Conclusions . . 232

Appendix: Translation of Life of Moses 1.46-56, 61; 2.162-201 . . 241
Glossary . . 253
Bibliography . . 257
Index of sources . . 283
General Index . . 295

Tables, Graphs, and Illustrations . . ix
Preface . . xi

1. The New Generation of Political Advocacy Groups . . 3
2. The MoveOn Effect: Disruptive Innovation in the Interest Group Ecology of American Politics . . 22
3. Political Blogs as Political Associations . . 52
4. "Online Tools for Offline Action" Neo-Federated Political Associations . . 77
5. Netroots as Networks—Building Progressive Infrastructure . . 101
6. Don't Think of an Online Elephant . . 125
7. Innovation Edges, Advocacy Inflation, and Sedimentary Organizations . . 156

Research Appendix—Method Notes for Studying Internet-Mediated Organizations . . 173
Notes . . 193
Bibliography . . 211
Index . . 227

List of Abbreviations . . xvii
Table of Cases . . xix
Table of Statutory Provisions . . xxxix

1. English Law and Practice . . 1
A. Introduction . . 1.01
B. The Basis of English Law . . 1.03
C. Common Law and Equity . . 1.32
D. Common Law and Civil Law . . 1.40
E. Contract and Tort . . 1.43
F. The English Law of Contract . . 1.47
G. Freedom of Contract and Binding Contract . . 1.86
H. Companies and Contracts . . 1.109
I. Debt and Damages . . 1.114
J. The Meaning of Indemnity . . 1.120

2. Petroleum Contracts . . 34
A. Introduction . . 2.01
B. The Petroleum Sector . . 2.03
C. Upstream Contracts . . 2.14
D. Midstream Contracts . . 2.37
E. Downstream Contracts . . 2.45
F. General Contracts . . 2.57

3. Preliminary Contracts . . 50
A. Introduction . . 3.01
B. Preliminary Contracts . . 3.06
C. The Obligation for Further Negotiation . . 3.23
D. Independent Contracts . . 3.66
E. Option Contracts . . 3.85

4. Conditional Contracts . . 69
A. Introduction . . 4.01
B. Defining Conditions under English Law . . 4.03
C. How Conditions Precedent Work . . 4.18
D. Conditionality in Petroleum Contracts . . 4.48

5. Joint Ventures . . 83
A. Introduction . . 5.01
B. Joint Venture Definition and Rationale . . 5.06
C. Incorporated and Unincorporated Joint Ventures . . 5.33
D. Partnerships . . 5.63
E. Joint Operating Agreements . . 5.80
F. Partnerships and Joint Operating Agreements Contrasted . . 5.112

6. Third Parties and Security Interests . . 112
A. Introduction . . 6.01
B. Vicarious Performance . . 6.08
C. Third Parties and Privity of Contract . . 6.20
D. Agency and Attorneys . . 6.37
E. Security Interests . . 6.71

7. Equitable Rights and Remedies . . 132
A. Introduction . . 7.01
B. The Role of Equity . . 7.06
C. Trusts . . 7.22
D. Fiduciary Duties . . 7.42
E. Specific Enforcement . . 7.98
F. Other Equitable Remedies . . 7.128

8. Contracts for Sale and Supply . . 161
A. Introduction . . 8.01
B. Commingled Petroleum . . 8.09
C. The Sale of Goods Act 1979 . . 8.23
D. Transfers of Title, Risk, and Custody . . 8.54
E. Implied Terms . . 8.74
F. Take or Pay . . 8.95
G. Retention of Title . . 8.132
H. Contracts of Bailment . . 8.149

9. Collateral Support . . 191
A. Introduction . . 9.01
B. Guarantees . . 9.07
C. Demand Guarantees . . 9.77
D. Documentary Credits . . 9.90
E. Letters of Comfort . . 9.104
F. Decommissioning Security . . 9.132
G. Practical Aspects of Collateral Support . . 9.140

10. Impossibility and Impracticability of Performance . . 226
A. Introduction . . 10.01
B. Absolute Contracts . . 10.08
C. The Doctrine of Frustration . . 10.19
D. The Doctrine of Force Majeure . . 10.54
E. Force Majeure and Frustration Reconciled . . 10.122
F. Hardship and Material Adverse Change . . 10.129
G. Impossibility and Impracticability in Petroleum Contracts . . 10.153

11. Damages for Breach of Contract . . 260
A. Introduction . . 11.01
B. The Basis of Damages . . 11.06
C. Assessing Damages under English Law . . 11.18
D. Assessing Damages in Detail . . 11.53
E. Restitutionary Remedies . . 11.78
F. Liquidated Damages and Penalties . . 11.85
G. Particular Damages Issues . . 11.118

12. Termination . . 292
A. Introduction . . 12.01
B. Discharge by Performance . . 12.04
C. Termination by Agreement . . 12.16
D. Discharge by Breach . . 12.26
E. Contractual Termination . . 12.56
F. Discharge by Operation of Law . . 12.85
G. Consequences of Termination . . 12.104
H. Termination in Petroleum Contracts . . 12.118

13. Liability Allocation . . 322
A. Introduction . . 13.01
B. Theories of Loss and Liability . . 13.06
C. Concurrent Liability in Contract and Tort . . 13.33
D. Consequential Loss . . 13.44
E. Liability Caps . . 13.58
F. Exclusion Clauses . . 13.64
G. Wilful Misconduct and Gross Negligence . . 13.90
H. Insurance . . 13.104
I. Operator Liability . . 13.118
J. Other Recoveries . . 13.133

14. Transfers of Interests . . 351
A. Introduction . . 14.01
B. Transfers of Contractual Rights by Law . . 14.05
C. Transfers of Contractual Obligations . . 14.22
D. Transfers of Interests Regulated by Contract . . 14.35
E. Financing Transfers . . 14.53
F. Pre-emption Rights . . 14.57
G. Change of Control . . 14.103
H. Farm Outs and Earn Outs . . 14.111

15. Law and Disputes . . 379
A. Introduction . . 15.01
B. Governing Law and Jurisdiction . . 15.08
C. Options for Dispute Resolution . . 15.29
D. Dispute Resolution Mechanisms . . 15.50
E. Public International Law Remedies . . 15.81
F. Sovereign Immunity . . 15.89
G. Industry Custom and Practice . . 15.97
H. Price Reviews . . 15.104

16. Miscellaneous . . 405
A. Introduction . . 16.01
B. Amendment . . 16.03
C. Confidentiality . . 16.09
D. Entire Agreement . . 16.27
E. Joint and Several Liability . . 16.38
F. Lock-out and Lock-in . . 16.49
G. Reasonable and Best Endeavours . . 16.54
H. Set-off . . 16.78
I. Severability . . 16.87
J. Time of the Essence . . 16.99
K. Warranties and Representations . . 16.115

Index . . 437

List of ICSID Cases . . xv
Table of Cases . . xxxv
Table of Treaties . . xliii
List of Abbreviations . . li

1. Introduction . . 1
I. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development . . 2
II. The International Finance Corporation, International Development Association and Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency . . 5
III. The International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes . . 8

2. Origins of the Convention . . 11
I. Proposed multilateral approaches to the promotion of private foreign investment . . 12
  A. Investment insurance . . 12
  B. A code of conduct . . 13
  C. An arbitral body for investment disputes . . 16
II. The World Bank considers the proposals . . 18
  A. The Bank's wrk on an IIIA . . 18
  B. The proposed code of conduct . . 19
  C. The dispute settlement approach . . 21
III. The role of "Black's Bank" in the settlement of investment disputes . . 21
IV. The Bank begins to work on the initiative . . 24

3. Broches's "Working Paper" . . 27
I. The Working Paper . . 30
  A. Provisions on the establishment and organization of the Center . . 30
  B. Provisions on the jurisdiction of the Center . . 34
  C. Provisions on conciliation and arbitration . . 35
II. The initial meetings of the Committee of the Whole . . 37

4. The Preliminary Draft of the Convention . . 43
I. The Preliminary Draft . . 44
  A. Provisions on the establishment and organization of the Center . . 44
  B. Provisions on the jurisdiction of the Center . . 46
  C. Provisions on conciliation and arbitration . . 47
  D. Other provisions . . 49
II. Sources tor the Preliminary Draft . . 51
III. The regional consultative meetings . . 53
  A. Discussions regarding the establishment and organization of the Center . . 56
  B. Discussions regarding the jurisdiction of the Center . . 57
  C. Discussions regarding conciliation and arbitration . . 60
  D. Discussions regarding int proceedings, amendments and participation in the Convention . . 62

5. Finalizing the Text of the Convention . . 65
I. The First Draft . . 68
  A. Provisions on the establishment and organization of the Center . . 68
  B. Provisions on the jurisdtion of the Center . . 70
  C. Provisions on conciliation and arbitration . . 71
  D. Other provisions . . 74
II. The Legal Committee meetings . . 75
  A. Discussions regarding the establishment and organization of the Centre . . 77
  B. Discussions regarding the jurisdiction of the Centre . . 79
  C. Discussions regarding conciliation and arbitration . . 83
  D. Discussions of other provisions . . 87
III. Concluding steps . . 89
  A. The final meetings of the Committee of the Whole . . 90
  B. Approval of the final text . . 94

6. Establishment and Launch of the Centre . . 95
I. The Inaugural meeting of the Administrative Council . . 97
  A. Election of thtfirst Secretary-General of ICSID . . 98
  B. Adoption of the Provisional Regulations and Rules . . 100
  C. Approval of administrative and budgetary arrangement . . 101
II. The Provisional Regulations and Rules of the Centre . . 102
  A. The Provisional Administrative and Financial Regulations . . 103
  B. The Provisional Institution Rules . . 107
  C. The Provisional Conciliation Rules and Provisional Arbitration Rules . . 108
III. The Memorandum of Administrative Arrangements . . 112
IV. The first annual meeting of the Administrative Council . . 113
  A. The definitive Regulations and Rules . . 115
  B. The arrangements with the Permanent Court of Arbitration . . 117

7. ICSID's First Two Decades . . 119
I. Institutional developments . . 122
  A. Ratifications of the Convention . . 122
  B. The Administrative Council . . 122
  C. The Secretariat . . 125
  D. Designations to the Panels of Conciliators and of Arbitrators . . 128
  E. Other measures by Contracting States pursuant to the Convention . . 130
II. Promoting consents to the jurisdiction of ICSID . . 132
III. An overview of the early cases . . 135
IV. The 1984 amendments of the ICSID Regulations and Rules . . 138
V. The Additional Facility . . 141
  A. The initial proposal for an Additional Facility . . 141
  B. The draft Additional Facility Rules . . 145
  C. Adoption of the Additional Facility Rules . . 147
  D. Continuation of the Additional Facility . . 149
VI. The appointing authority role . . 151
VII. The investment law publishing activities . . 153

8. Aspects of the Early Cases . . 157
I. Registration of requests to institute proceedings . . 158
II. The constitution of commissions and tribunals . . 161
III. Approaches to jurisdiction . . 165
IV. Provisional measures . . 173
V. Applicable law . . 178
VI. Annulment decisions of the 1980s . . 185
VII. Enforcement of awards . . 191

9. ICSID from 1989 to 1999 . . 195
I. The growing network of investment treaties . . 198
II. Institutional developments . . 204
  A. Ratificaions of the Convention . . 204
  B. The Secretariat . . 205
  C. The Panels of Conciliators and of Arbitrators . . 207
  D. Agreements with other arbitration institutions . . 208
III. An overview of cases submitted to ICSID between 1989 and 1999 . . 208
IV. The first Additional Facility Proceedings . . 213
V. Some leading BIT cases of the 1990s . . 224
  A. Fedax v Venezuela . . 225
  B. Vivendi v Argentina. . . 227
  C. Maffezini v Spain . . 229
  D. Wena v Egypt . . 231

10. ICSID from 2000 to 2010 . . 235
I. Institutional developments . . 241
  A. Ratifications of the Convention . . 241
  B. The Secretariat . . 241
  C. The Panels of Conciliators and of Arbitrators . . 245
II. The 2003 amendments of the Regulations and Rules . . 246
III. The 2006 amendments of the Regulations and Rules . . 249
IV. An overview of the expanded caseload . . 257

11. Aspects of the New Cases . . 261
I. Registration of requests to institute proceedings . . 261
II. The constitution of commissions and tribunals . . 264
  A. Patterns in the appointment of conciliators and arbitrators . . 264
  B. Resignations and disqualification piposals . . 266
  C. Published decisions on disqualification proposals . . 268
  D. Disqualification criteria . . 273
III. Approaches to jurisdiction . . 275
  A. Dasions regarding the meaning of "investment" . . 276
  B. Decisions differentiating between contract claims and treaty claims . . 285
  C. Decisions on the role of MFN clauses in establishing jurisdiction . . 293
IV. Provisional measures . . 296
  A. Decisions on the binding effect of provisional measures . . 297
  B. Decisions on requests for security for costs . . 301
V. Applicable Law . . 303
VI. Annulment decisions . . 307
VII. Enforcement of awards . . 314

12. Conclusion . . 321

Appendices
I. Working Paper in the Form of a Draft Convention for the Resolution of Disputes between States and Nationals of Other States, June 5, 1962 . . 331
II. Preliminary Draft of a Convention on the Settlement of Investment Disputes between States and Nationals of Other States, October 15, 1963 . . 348
III. Draft Convention on the Settlement of Investment Disputes between States and Nationals of Other States (First Draft), September 11, 1964 . . 372
IV. Convention on the Settlement of Investment Disputes between States and Nationals of Other States and Accompanying Report of the Executive Directors, March 18, 1965 . . 394

Select Bibliography . . 419
Index . . 425

Table of Cases . . xv
Table of Legislation . . xxiii
List of Contributors . . xli
Introduction . . 1

1. Investigations with an International Dimension . . 7
A. Introduction . . 1.01
B. Organization of an International Investigation . . 1.09
C. Self-reporting Issues . . 1.19
D. Regulatory Coordination . . 1.27
E. Capital Market Issues . . 1.38
F. Data Protection Issues . . 1.45
G. Employee Issues . . 1.58
H. Privilege Issues . . 1.73

2. Data Protection under European Community Law . . 29
Overview . . 2.01
A. Data Protection Directive . . 2.03
B. Initial Collection . . 2.17
C. Intra-group Sharing . . 2.30
D. External Advisers . . 2.43
E. Regulators . . 2.50

3. Investigations in the United States . . 47
A. Introduction . . 3.01
B. US Regulatory Scheme . . 3.03
C. The Current Regulatory Environment . . 3.27
D. US Regulatory Investigations . . 3.32
E. Compulsory Process: Subpoenas . . 3.59
F. Alternative to Subpoenas: International Agreements and Diplomacy . . 3.83
G. Conducting Internal Investigations in the United States— Background and Recent Trends . . 3.94
H. Potential Waiver of Privilege and Exposure to Civil Liability . . 3.129
I. Independence . . 3.137
J. How to Conduct an Internal Investigation . . 3.148

4. Investigations in the United Kingdom . . 109
A. Introduction . . 4.01
B. Regulators . . 4.05
C. Powers of Regulators . . 4.23
D. Voluntary Investigations . . 4.51
E. Self-reporting . . 4.111
F. Announcements and Public Relations Strategies . . 4.118
G. Best Practices in Document Gathering and Preservation . . 4.136
H. Data Protection . . 4.150
I. Dealing with Privileged Documents . . 4.188
J. Managing Regulators . . 4.214
K. Managing Employees During Investigations . . 4.235
L. Concluding an Investigation . . 4.281
M. Litigation Risks . . 4.292
N. Settlement with Regulators . . 4.325
O. Conclusion . . 4.338

5. Investigations in the Netherlands . . 183
A. Introduction . . 5.01
B. Regulators . . 5.08
C. Powers of Regulators . . 5.37
D. Voluntary Investigations . . 5.53
E. Self-reporting . . 5.74
F. Announcements and Public Relations Strategies . . 5.78
G. Best Practices in Document Gathering and Preservation . . 5.99
H. Dealing with Privileged Documents . . 5.127
I. Managing Regulators . . 5.139
J. Managing Employees During Investigations . . 5.143
K. Concluding an Investigation . . 5.168
L. Litigation Risks . . 5.174
M. Settlement with Regulators . . 5.190
N. Conclusion . . 5.198

6. Investigations in Germany . . 225
A. Introduction . . 6.01
B. Regulators . . 6.08
C. Powers of Regulators . . 6.35
D. Voluntary Investigations . . 6.52
E. Self-reporting Obligations . . 6.76
F. Announcements and Public Relations Strategies . . 6.79
G. Key Points for Public Relations Strategies . . 6.95
H. Best Practices in Document Gathering and Preservation . . 6.100
I. Data Protection . . 6.115
J. Dealing with Privileged Documents . . 6.134
K. Managing Regulators . . 6.158
L. Managing Employees During Investigations . . 6.162
M. Winding up an Internal Investigation . . 6.191
N. Reporting Obligations . . 6.198
O. Litigation Risks . . 6.199
P. Settlement with Regulators . . 6.213
Q. Conclusion . . 6.219

7. Investigations in France . . 277
A. Introduction . . 7.01
B. Regulators . . 7.05
C. Powers of Regulators . . 7.49
D. Voluntary Investigations . . 7.79
E. Self-reporting . . 7.103
F. Announcements and Public Relations Strategies . . 7.109
G. Best Practices in Document Gathering and Preservation . . 7.124
H. Dealing with Privileged Documents . . 7.155
I. Managing Regulators . . 7.165
J. Managing Employees During Investigations . . 7.175
K. Winding up an Investigation . . 7.217
L. Litigation Risks . . 7.223
M. Settlement with Regulators . . 7.237
N. Conclusion . . 7.248

8. Investigations in Spain . . 323
A. Introduction . . 8.01
B. Regulators . . 8.14
C. Powers of Regulators . . 8.61
D. Voluntary Investigations . . 8.91
E. Self-reporting . . 8.111
F. Announcements and Public Relations Strategies . . 8.121
G. Best Practices in Document Gathering and Preservation . . 8.134
H. Dealing with Privileged Documents . . 8.159
I. Managing Regulators . . 8.180
J. Managing Employees During Investigations . . 8.190
K. Winding up an Investigation . . 8.223
L. Reporting Obligations . . 8.230
M. Litigation Risks . . 8.236
N. Settlement with Regulators . . 8.246
O. Conclusion . . 8.265
Annex 8.1 . . 369

9. Investigations in Italy . . 371
A. Introduction . . 9.01
B. Regulators . . 9.07
C. Powers of Regulators . . 9.45
D. Voluntary Investigations . . 9.65
E. Self-reporting . . 9.82
F. Announcements and Public Relations . . 9.89
G. Best Practices in Document Gathering and Preservation . . 9.102
H. Dealing with Privileged Documents . . 9.129
I. Managing Regulators . . 9.143
J. Managing Employees During Investigations . . 9.153
K. Winding up an Internal Investigation . . 9.177
L. Reporting Obligations . . 9.179
M. Litigation Risks . . 9.183
N. Settlement with Regulators . . 9.190
O. Conclusion . . 9.197

10. Investigations in Hong Kong . . 419
A. Introduction . . 10.01
B. Regulators . . 10.02
C. Powers of Regulators . . 10.31
D. Voluntary Investigations . . 10.43
E. Self-reporting . . 10.53
F. Announcements and Stock Exchange Obligations . . 10.57
G. Public Relations Considerations and Strategies . . 10.62
H. Best Practices in Document Gathering and Preservation . . 10.67
I. Dealing with Privileged Documents . . 10.79
J. Managing Regulators . . 10.92
K. Managing Employees During Investigations . . 10.98
L. Winding up an Investigation . . 10.121
M. Reporting Obligations . . 10.126
N. Litigation Risks . . 10.128
O. Settlement with Regulators . . 10.143
P. Conclusion . . 10.155

11. Investigations in Japan . . 449
A. Introduction . . 11.01
B. Regulators . . 11.06
C. Powers of Regulators . . 11.27
D. Voluntary Investigations . . 11.53
E. Self-reporting . . 11.68
F. Announcements and Public Relations Strategies . . 11.70
G. Dealing with Privileged Documents . . 11.81
H. Managing Regulators . . 11.95
I. Best Practices in Document Gathering and Preservation . . 11.104
J. Managing Employees During Investigations . . 11.119
K. Winding up an Investigation . . 11.138
L. Reporting Obligations . . 11.141
M. Litigation Risks . . 11.149
N. Settlement with Regulators . . 11.160
O. Conclusion . . 11.162

12. Investigations in China . . 483
A. Introduction . . 12.01
B. Regulators . . 12.04
C. Powers of Regulators . . 12.37
D. Voluntary Investigations . . 12.62
E. Self-reporting . . 12.74
F. Stock Exchange Announcements and Public Relations Strategies . . 12.79
G. Best Practices in Document Gathering and Preservation . . 12.91
H. Dealing with Privileged Documents . . 12.105
I. Managing Regulators . . 12.07
J. Managing Employees During Investigations . . 12.111
K. Winding up an Investigation . . 12.125
L. Litigadon Risks . . 12.131
M. Settlement with Regulators . . 12.139
N. Conclusion . . 12.145

13. Investigations in India . . 507
A. Introduction . . 13.01
B. Regulators . . 13.02
C. Powers of Regulators . . 13.30
D. Dealing with Regulators/Investigating Officers . . 13.58
E. Practical Issues Relating to Evidence . . 13.69
F. Issues Relating to Employers . . 13.78
G. Public Issues . . 13.88
H. Concluding an Investigation . . 13.94
I. Settlement with Regulators . . 13.100
J. Litigation Risks . . 13.109
K. Conclusion . . 13.115

14. Investigations in Russia . . 535
A. Introduction . . 14.01
B. Regulators . . 14.04
C. Powers of Regulators . . 14.18
D. Voluntary Investigations . . 14.38
E. Self-reporting . . 14.62
F. Announcements and Public Relations Strategies . . 14.72
G. Best Practices in Document Gathering and Preservation . . 14.76
H. Data Protection . . 14.81
I. Dealing with Privileged Documents . . 14.92
J. Managing Regulators . . 14.98
K. Managing Employees During Investigations . . 14.107
L. Concluding an Internal Investigation . . 14.114
M. Litigation Risks . . 14.117
N. Settlement with Regulators . . 14.130
O. Conclusion . . 14.133

15. Investigations in Brazil . . 561
A. Introduction . . 15.01
B. Regulators . . 15.07
C. Powers of Regulators . . 15.29
D. Voluntary Investigations . . 15.46
E. Self-reporting . . 15.58
F. External and Internal Communications . . 15.65
G. Best Practices in Document Gathering and Preservation . . 15.70
H. Data Protection . . 15.72
I. Dealing with Privileged Documents . . 15.82
J. Managing Regulators . . 15.94
K. Managing Employees During Investigations . . 15.102
L. Concluding an Investigation . . 15.107
M. Litigation Risks . . 15.109
N. Settlement with Regulators . . 15.118
O. Conclusion . . 15.125

Introduction to Annexes . . 583
Annex 1: Crisis Management . . 584
Annex 2: Disclosures . . 587
Annex 3: Document Management and Privilege . . 589
Annex 4: Employee Issues . . 591
Annex 5: Public Relations Issues . . 593

Index . . 597